Depression Depression And Depression Essay - 1307 Words

Depression, a mental illness, with symptoms dealing with mood and emotion affects Americans of all age, gender, and race. While depression affects all individuals it is concluded that African American and other minority races had a higher rate of depression than a white individual. While this conclusion exists depression did not differ among races due to socioeconomic status. â€Å"The symptoms of that depression were expressed took shape from those who stated they had trouble at work, home, or social events. Depression can take different forms dealing with mood which is sad or loss of interest in daily activities, Cognition symptoms are having trouble focusing on tasks, and the physical or lack of energy and feeling of restlessness.† â€Å"The severity of these depression symptoms among others vary depending on the individual which is measured by the PHQ-9 questionnaire.† (Pratt, 2014) Psychotherapy helps the client understand their illness, by talking through their behavior, stressors, etc. through counseling strategies. Evidence-based methods are more common to treat depression because the health insurance companies can demand how the individual will be treated. There are several therapies clinical psychologist utilizes when treating depression but the most common are cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and problem-solving therapies. Instead of focusing on how medication can change depression symptoms, these therapies are an alternate life approach. How canShow MoreRelatedDepression : Depression And Depression927 Words   |  4 Pagesthe word Depression. Now that I am older I know not to use that term so loosely because depression is a disorder that is very serious. According to the Mayo Clinic Depression, also known as major depressive disorder is a mood disorder that causes a feeling of sadness and a loss of interest. Depression can cause phys ical problems because it affects how you think along with how you act. For example, you may not want to do activities that you normally would, due to this disorder. Depression does notRead MoreDepression And Sadness Of Depression1423 Words   |  6 PagesTaylor Neighbors Winters English 1301.91 11 November 2015 Depression and Sadness Imagine you are in the middle of a monumental ocean surrounded by heavy, crashing waves. (TS) The sky is black, and the water is cold. Suddenly, the current pulls you under and you forget how to swim. You are desperately gasping for air, fighting the current, but you continue to sink uncontrollably. You scream and with every ounce of the little breath left in your lungs, but nobody hears you; nobody saves you. Your bodyRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On Depression1490 Words   |  6 PagesIn popular culture depression has become a thing that is seemingly almost sought after. A lot of youth use depression to have an edge or some kind of thing that makes them different. I feel like this ideology invalidates people with real mental illness and diagnosed depression. I say this but have also fallen victim to this aesthetic or aura that a lot of people portray. Although hard to define, depression can basically be summed up to be the lack of hope or courage pertaining to your life. It causesRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On Adolescent Depression1290 Words   |  6 PagesDepression is an issue facing a large amount of people today. It has becoming increasingly known that a lot of depression begins to start in the adolescent years for many individuals. The social work profession is critical in helping this adolescent depression not lead to further depression in adulthood. To understand adolescent depression and what is needed to help people suffering from it, we need to further understand the prevalence of adolescent depression, the effects it has on teens sociallyRead MoreDepression1008 Words   |  5 PagesDepression Teresa Collick HCA/250 April 24, 2016 Depression has always been a major health issue going back for many years. Initially being called â€Å"melancholia† it appeared in the texts of the Mesopotamians in the second millennium. It was then thought of a demonic presence that required a priest to be in attendance. The understanding was that depression wasn’t considered a physical issue but a spiritual or mental illness. The BabylonianRead MoreThe Effects Of Depression And Its Effects On Depression1642 Words   |  7 Pages Depression, 2 Every single day, across the entire world, people are diagnosed with clinical depression. I think a lot of people tend to see depression as a excuse/reasoning for something they ve done. In reality, there have been many discussions done and research studies completed on depression to see whether or not it is genetically passed down or learned through experiences/influences. I think it is safe to say that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in depression. InRead MoreA Brief Note On Depression And The Depression2842 Words   |  12 Pages Robyn Lawhorn July 11, 2015 Psychology 100 Mrs. Fischer Hours Worked: 22 Major depression, also known as unipolar depression, is one of the most common mental illnesses. Over nine million adults each year suffer from depression. Many people don’t understand what depression really is, including myself until I did a lot of research over this subject. Major depression is more than a temporary state of being sad. It is a persistent state that can significantly impair an individual’s thoughtsRead MoreDepression Essay : The Causes And Effects Of Youth Depression1566 Words   |  7 PagesCauses and Effects of Youth Depression Most individuals spend a short downcasted period in their lives, but some individuals experience an extended period of dejection. This may be the cause of depression. Depression is a mental disorder that feeds on the negative self-evaluation of an individual. Eventually the individual is blinded of any positivity in their life by the overwhelming pessimistic views of a situation, continuing the cycle. Awareness of adult depression is substantial, but unprogressiveRead MoreAdolescent Depression1112 Words   |  5 PagesDepression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 1995). Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly underdiagnosed and leads to seriousRead More Depression Essay568 Words   |  3 Pages Clinical depression is one of many mental disorders affecting 1 in 10 Americans today. This disorder is characterized by ongoing feelings of sadness and despair which leads to anxiety, agitation, feelings of emptiness, and loss of self-worth. Following these initial symptoms are possible weight loss or gain, insomnia, lack of energy, unusual indecisiveness, and even suicidal thoughts or attempts. There are many possible causes of major depression; however, very often the disease strikes without

Never Give Up Free Essays

ENG COMP II Dec. 10, 2008 Never Give Up â€Å"The Rookie† is a 2002 Walt Disney movie that is based on the real-life story of Jim Morris that stars Dennis Quaid in the lead role. â€Å"The Rookie† is also a movie that reflects not only our nations’ culture, but also the collective attitude we have towards believing in an individuals’ dreams. We will write a custom essay sample on Never Give Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now When a shoulder injury ended his minor league pitching career, Jim Morris resorted to the next best thing: coaching. But Jim’s team, The Owls, know their coach is a great ball player and thus make a deal with him: if they win the district championship they want him to try out for a major-league team. Going from worst to first, the team makes it to state and Jim is forced to live up to his end of the deal. At the age of 35 he makes it onto a minor league team and now has to deal with the pressures of a â€Å"younger mans’† sport, life on the road and being separated from his wife and family. The pressures build and like a typical Disney movie, the dream becomes reality at what would seem to be the absolute last moment. Quaid, as Jim Morris, would then take the mound that very same night while his friends and family watched, some from their homes but most from the stands. Morris would then continue to play as one of the relief pitchers for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays over the next two seasons before officially calling it quits. The theme for this movie is obvious and simple: Never give up on your dreams, for it is never too late to believe in them. From the beginning of the movie we see Morris as an adolescent in a variety of locations and weather conditions, but we always see him pitching a baseball. That is until his mother cries out to him saying: â€Å"Jimmy, your father and I need to talk to you. † By now Jimmy is well aware of what his father, who is in the U. S. Marines, is going to say. For the fourth time they are relocating and Jimmy has to put his pitching dreams on hold. That is until his father gets a permanent duty station in Big Lake, Texas. With a bit more exposition and rising action Jimmy meets Henry Sampson in the town store where he learns the town doesn’t care much for baseball, but they do care about something else – dreams. Henry then relates the story of the towns’ very beginnings and how a man with dreams of finding oil â€Å"right under his feet† got the financial, and spiritual, help he needed from two nuns. The movie steps back in time to 1921 where the camera follows the nuns as they are shown blessing the field with rose pedals and reciting a prayer to Saint Rita, the patron saint of impossible dreams. While the men waited for the oil that would eventually come, they passed the time playing baseball. A few of the men were able to fulfill yet another dream as they got drafted into the major leagues. After hearing the story, the camera follows a teenage Jimmy riding his bike to the field where, on camera close up, he brushes off the pitchers’ strip and with a look of determination and steadfastness he digs into the mound with his sneaker and looks at the original oil well. A camera close up shows the sign on the well, ‘SANTARITA No. 1 Completed May 27, 1923’. When it pans back to Jimmy, time has moved forward 20 years, still standing on that very same mound but now as a full grown man however his look is not the same and the well has been out of operation for quite some time. His close up look and facial expression tells us of a dream, like the oil well, that got ‘dried up’ before its’ time as he digs his boots into the pitchers’ mound. However, as a reminder that not all is as it seems to be, the camera focuses on Jimmy’s truck where a medallion of Saint Rita hangs from the rear-view mirror. From the man who dreamed of finding oil, to the nuns who dreamed of getting their moneys’ worth, to the town that was founded and thrived on those dreams, to Jimmy, and to everyone whoever was or has been, they all have an individual dream they are willing to pursue. They are not unique in this, as it is something that can be traced to, and shared with, the founding fathers of our nation. They had a dream for freedom and representation that they were willing to fight and die for. Two world wars and countless others were fought for one main ideal – to keep the dream alive. Whether the dream be for territory or freedom from oppression, it does not matter. Keeping, pursuing and accomplishing the dream is within everyone of us and, as is the case with Jim Morris, it does not matter how long it takes; dreams can be fulfilled. The movie â€Å"The Rookie† serves to remind us that in todays’ culture that while our dreams may be individual they can, and often do, reach father than our imagination could ever anticipate. In our modern day, dreams are fulfilled everywhere by those willing and determined enough to make them happen. While these dreams may be on an individual basis, they can be, and are often, shared across the nation. One only has to look at the world of sports to bear witness to some of the most compelling individual efforts that have a nation dreaming right along with them. Lance Armstrong won the grueling Tour de France bicycle race seven times after beating testicular cancer. The 2008 Summer Olympics, where the best of the best across the world come to compete, saw Michael Phelps win a world-record eight Gold medals in swimming. To accomplish his dream Phelps would have to swim two major races a day, each day, for four days straight. And a majority of Americans would watch and be with him stroke for stroke cheering him on, praying for the dream that would come true. Closer to home, Mary Alison Milford, a Fayetteville native, competed in the Paralympics on the U. S. Wheelchair Basketball team that defeated Germany for the Gold Medal. I dare anyone to attend a championship game anywhere, and to tell me that they could not physically feel the home-town audiences’ presence. You can taste it in the air, it is a live electricity that raises the hair on your arm, it is the simple awe and power of the many becoming one for a dream and it is never too late to dream. Even if the dream is as individually personal as graduating from school with a Masters degree 20 years after you first started taking classes. Dare I to dream and see the words Cum Laude on my diploma? I believe I just have. Work Sited The Rookie. Dir. John Lee Hancock. Perf. Dennis Quaid, Rachel Griffins, Brian Cox; screenplay by Mike Rich. Walt Disney Pictures, 2002. DVD. Walt Disney Home Video. 2002. How to cite Never Give Up, Papers Never Give Up Free Essays Never give up at anything you do. Giving up is one of, if not the biggest sign of a weak person. When you give up , and just throw all of your dreams out of the window, and just forget what all you have sacrificed trying to get where you are today, you are a weak person. We will write a custom essay sample on Never Give Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe that no one should give up, but you need to know when to give up. Myself has actually gave up on one of my best loves I have ever had. Baseball. I was a freshman here at Central High School when it all started. I kept on having family problems, and my girlfriend and I were always fighting. Everything just never seemed to go my way. Everybody, including my family and friends, knew that something was wrong, but I just kept it from them. I have always played baseball, ever since I could walk. My big brother would take me outside when I was at age and just throw the ball back and forth. Rain, sleet, or snow, we were throwing some sort of ball around. Well, anyway as time went on, I got older, into high school and it seemed like everything went down hill from there. I had a lot more responsibility and a lot more on my mind. It seemed that everyday was a struggle. Talking to my parents wasn’t easy; talking to my friends wasn’t easy; I couldn’t even talk to my girlfriend. And by the time baseball had came around, I was just exhausted. I signed up and went to tryouts and we did our same routine like we do all the time: jog four poles, do your sprints, and stretch. Well today, coach wanted to see how fast the whole entire team could run two miles. I was like, â€Å"Oh Lord, I really don’t wanna do this. † But of coarse, I did anyway. Well, we started jogging around the field. But I noticed something that is not normally the case; I was dead last. Everybody was ahead of me, and I was trailing behind them. I did not have one bit of urge to even attempt to catch them. I was being very lazy. The whole week goes by and I am still being the same lazy guy in the back. Finally, tryouts are over and I get to talk with the coach. He calls me out and I walk over there and he says that he had a spot for me in left field on varsity, and he noticed I was super lazy, and that he could tell I didn’t have the love for the game that I used too. He handed me the pants and the jersey and the hat and everything that anybody needs to play baseball and told me to take them home. He told me that when I get home, talk with your parents about if you really want to play or not. So, I thought about what he said for a little bit and waited for my mama to come and pick me up from the base field that I just worked my butt off trying to clean up. I get in the car. The first thing she said to me was, â€Å"Case, what is wrong honey? † I didn’t really say anything to her at first until we got home. After I got home, I just let her know that I didn’t think I was ready to play baseball. My Mama and Daddy both could not believe it. Their jaws dropped to the ground. I actually shocked myself. My daddy had to have a talk with me for like eighteen hours about until he finally said, â€Å"Well son, I don’t wanna make you do anything that you don’t wanna do. And, if you’re serious about not playing, and don’t think you will regret in the future, then hang em’ up. † And that was that. I gathered up all of my stuff, my jersey, my pants, my hat and everything and took it all back to the coach the next day. He told me that I probably made the best choice. He also said that he would love to see me come out next year and tryout again after your time off. But, all of that time away from something that you love, I don’t think it was good for me. Not playing baseball is one of my biggest regrets I have ever had in my life. I am a quitter and I do admit it. But I am strong enough to admit that. So to prevent from going through what all I have, never give up. How to cite Never Give Up, Papers

Compare and contrast the methods used by Robert Browning to portray the two speakers in ‘My Last Duchess’ and ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ free essay sample

Compare and contrast the methods used by Robert Browning to portray the two speakers in ‘My Last Duchess’ and ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ ‘My Last Duchess’ and ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ are both poems about men who appear to have a compulsive need for control over the women in their lives. However, the speakers appear to be quite different as we see that the protagonist in ‘My Last Duchess’ is a Duke with a high self-esteem and confidence, whereas the protagonist in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ emerges as a depressed man with no apparent intuitions or social life. Browning uses different structural techniques in both poems to portray each character; there are contrasting rhyme schemes and meters to capture their complex mentality. The language and literary devices used to portray the speakers also differs with pathetic fallacy in ‘porphyria’s Lover’ and symbolism in ‘My Last Duchess’. The presentation of both these speakers in the form of a dramatic monologue enables Browning to aptly portray them, revealing as much regarding their personal life as possible. In ‘My Last Duchess’, the Duke is addressing an ambassador, whereas in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, we are presented with the speaker’s thoughts. The fact that he isn’t addressing anybody in particular is already discomforting, warning the reader of his insanity. Browning uses rhyme and meter to present certain aspects of these two very different speakers. Rhyming couplets are used in ‘My Last Duchess’; ‘wall†¦call’ and ‘hands†¦stands’. This is initially unapparent due to the use of enjambment. This could imply that he’s unknowingly in control of everything, or that he’s attempting to come across as modest. The well organized rhyming scheme and iambic pentameter are there to show the Duke’s power he is exerting upon everyone, despite the fact that he denies having the skill of speech, ’which I have not’, giving the reader the impression that he is gloating, whereas the more unusual rhyming scheme in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ jars on the reader’s senses and reflects on the protagonist’s mind and confusion. Social status also plays a large part in their personalities, as it makes the Duke feel more distinguished and self-righteous, and it makes Porphyria’s Lover feel like he is not important, as she is of a higher status than he is, which makes him seek her attention by trying to make her feel bad for him, as seen when he ignores her. The peculiar ABABB rhyming scheme in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ unsettles the reader, who is not expecting the extra rhyme. Furthermore, the unbalanced rhyme scheme reflects on the speaker’s unbalanced mental state. The speaker in ‘My Last Duchess’, is less emotionally engaged as there is no empathy displayed. The Duke is jealous over the fact that she ‘thanked men’, as if she thought their gifts were better than his ‘nine-hundreds-years-old-name’. We can see that the protagonist has a dominant personality as he gives ‘commands’. Moreover, the iambic pentameter is used, which is similar to everyday speech as well as making him appear controlled, together with sounding cold and monotonous. On the other hand, in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, the setting of the poem seems warmer and more welcoming as Porphyria arrives. Sexual tension is present, unlike in ‘My Last Duchess’, where everything is cold and distant. Nevertheless, the protagonist’s morbidity is portrayed later on through his quiet and ominous nature as he finds ‘a thing to do’, a subtle way of hinting at the fact that he is going to murder her, as well as threatening thoughts as he is in her arms, ‘that moment she was mine’. It is written in the iambic tetrameter, although the meter falls on the line ‘I listened with heart fit to break’, the first time that the speaker refers to himself, and also suggesting that his heart is breaking. We see that the vocabulary used is predominantly simple and monosyllabic due to his thoughts being focused on the events that have just occurred. We can also infer that due to his lack of complex vocabulary, he is of a lower social status. The word ‘stooping’ was chosen in particular by Browning to highlight that she is ‘stooping’ down to his level in society. We also saw this in ‘My Last Duchess’ when the Duke wouldn’t ‘stoop’ to endure his Duchess thanking men. Porphyria’s ‘pride and vainer ties’, and the Duchess’s lack of love for the Duke ensure that so long as they are living, they will not succumb to the power of the men. Ensuing the murders, the Duke and the speaker in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ finally have total control over them. Porphyria’s lover trifles with the corpse as he ‘oped her lids’ and ‘propped her head up’, conveying the speaker as mentally deranged, even necrophyllic with their ‘kiss’. In addition to feeling content about being in control, he doesn’t feel guilty as God hasn’t objected to his crime: ‘And all night long we have not stirr’d, /And yet God has not said a word! ’ Much like the speaker in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, subsequent to the murder of Duchess, we see he has finally been able to attain total control over her, in the form of a painting veiled by a ‘curtain’ which only he may draw. It becomes evident that the Duke is notably jealous of his wife interacting with other men; he expresses that it should be solely his ‘presence’ that ‘called’ her ‘smiles’ upon her face, which he depicts as a ‘spot of joy’. The juxtaposition of the two words, ‘spot of joy’, conveys the phrase as a stain, a symbol of her tainted nature. The repetition of this throughout ensures that the reader is aware, and the Duke is making sure the ambassador knows that this is part of what made her ‘smiles stop’. What further infuriated him was that ‘she liked whate’er? She looked on’, as opposed to focusing all her attention and gratitude on him. Porphyria is a woman with responsibilities elsewhere and the fact that she may be having an affair with the speaker is symbolised when she lets her ‘hair fall’, which is also a synecdoche for her entire being. This is because the word ‘fallen’ had negative connotations in Victorian times, as it was used when referring to women involved in sexual relationships before marriage. The metaphor of her eyes without a ‘stain’, can be interpreted in one of two ways. First, it could imply that by dying, the ‘stain’ of Porphyrias sin is gone. Alternatively, it could mean that theres no ‘stain’ of his sin visible in her eyes. After Porphyria’s death, we see the speaker feeling no remorse, as ‘God’ doesn’t speak a ‘word’. The motive for murder in both cases is due to a ‘stain’ or a ‘spot’, imperfections which the men must remove. Browning uses different ideas and linguistic techniques to portray the speakers. Symbolism is used in ‘My Last Duchess’ to communicate the Duke’s attitudes and feelings towards his wife; he feels as though he is ‘Neptune†¦ taming a seahorse’, which leads us to think that that is how he feels about his wife; a beautiful, fragile animal over which he should have complete control. He is overly proud of his accomplishment, yet the image of a god taming a sea-horse seems inhumane and strange to the reader as he is praising himself so highly, and degrading his previous wife by comparing her to an animal. Objectification of women is highlighted again through the ‘Duchess painted on the wall’ with a ‘curtain’ that can only be ‘drawn’ by the Duke, giving himself full control over her. His conceited nature is emphasized as ‘Fra Pandolf’s hands’ paint the picture rather than Fra Pandolf, portraying him as nothing but an object to complete his intentions. We see the extent of the Duke’s jealousy, as he feels aggravated by his wife blushing due to Fra Pandolf’s comments, which is unnecessary as he is a monk, which procures good behaviour. Both of these symbols are highly derogatory towards women, his Duchess in particular; in one of her representations, she is depicted as a helpless, lesser animal, and the other is her ‘painted on the wall’. We see how imperative the theme of authority and power over women is in this poem, as these two symbols open and close it. In ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, Browning uses pathetic fallacy to portray the speaker. The speaker’s state of mind is effectively conveyed as the ‘sullen wind’ awoke and ‘tore the elm-tops down’. When Porphyria arrived however, she ‘shut’ out the ‘storm’, implying she had expelled his mental torment. Porphyria and her lover’s relationship is an abnormal one, and the way in which Browning portrays the speaker as being emotionally void concerns the reader and makes him quite a disturbing character. In spite of this, Porphyria is the only comfort or felicity in his life, lighting his ‘cheerless grate’ up. To conclude, Robert Browning uses many different methods, both similar and different to portray the speakers in ‘My Last Duchess’ and ‘Porphyria’s Lover’. He has written two monologues portraying seemingly distinct speakers, with one recognizable characteristic in common, being that they both crave and lust for power and possession. Through the use of imagery, style, and pathetic fallacy, the characters are brought to life, allowing us to experience their complexities and insecurities, as well as establishing that despite their differences in terms of personalities and social status, they are both morally twisted and self-interested, as seen with their satisfaction after the murders.

The Historical, Present, and Future Perspectives of the Social Security Program in the US

The concept of social security system is complex, although understandable under rigorous exertion. Various socioeconomic factors inspired the concept of social security system. This essay discusses the historical, present, and future perspectives of the social security program in the US.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Historical, Present, and Future Perspectives of the Social Security Program in the US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The starting point of Social Security lies in anticipation of how an individual or a family sustains income when age encroaches, or disability jeopardizes the capacity to work, when a wage earner dies, or when an employer encounters involuntary unemployment (DeWitt, 2010, p. 1). Every society, through history, encountered this challenge often and developed various strategies to address this issue. The diverse strategies intended to solve this problem were based on the inte rplay of individual and collective efforts. Private insurance provided a historical basis for Social Security. In the seventeenth century, private insurance was the chief way that the affluent protected their assets, particularly real property. Nevertheless, the notion of insuring against consistent economic hazards and threats was established in the late nineteenth century in a model of social insurance. Social insurance in contemporary industrial societies offers an avenue for mitigating setbacks of economic security. The ideology of social insurance is that, people contribute into a fund scheme controlled by the government, which it uses to reimburse individuals when they become unable to sustain themselves. The U.S. social security system benefits are weighted to allow individuals with lower earnings get higher benefit relative to those with higher incomes. Thus, the system provides progressivity regarding benefits. At the onset of the industrial revolution, the demand for a wor king social security was inevitable. In preindustrial era, most Americans depended on land for self-employment as farmers, artisans, and laborers (DeWitt, 2010, p. 2). They lived in extended families, which provided the principal form of economic security for unproductive members. Economic security was not a threatening issue in preindustrial America because for people did not live for long due to poor healthcare systems and living habits. Nevertheless, with industrialization came prolonged life expectancy; therefore, the need for new and dynamic strategies for reliable economic security became a necessity.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The aforementioned transformation led to the development of many programs to maintain social security of individuals who due to old age or disability reached an endpoint of productivity. The last decade of the nineteenth century saw the co nception of Civil War Pension program. DeWitt (2010) observes that, the federal government started to pay benefits to Union War veterans and their living families about the commencement of war (3). The Civil War pension scheme became a genuine social insurance program by the end of the 19th century. This program was valid until 2003 when the last surviving widow of Civil War veteran passed on. In January 17, 1935, the Economic Security Act was proposed and presented to Congress for discussion, which culminated into its enactment into law on August 14, 1935 (DeWitt, 2010, p. 4). Currently, this law is termed as the Social Security, which consists of seven distinct programs. The aforementioned Social Security Act inspired the initial payroll taxes in 1937 and the 1942 introduction of monthly benefits. This represented a form of a vesting period during which the least amount of work will be prerequisite to monthly benefits qualification. In addition, this period provided time to accumu late some level of reserves in the program’s account prior to flow of payments to recipients (DeWitt, 2010, p. 7). The Social Security program, following its conception, was more sensible compared to the current system. The original program reimbursed two types of one-time, huge benefit. An individual approaching age 65 then, would be entitled to payment worth 3.5 percent of his/her covered income, while deceased employee’s estate would get a death benefit computed in a similar manner. Therefore, I would ensure the future of the social security program by adopting the initial strategies, which worked satisfactorily for the benefit of all people. Reference DeWitt, L. (2010). The Development of Social Security in America. Social Security Bulletin , 70(3), 1-27. Retrived from web. This assessment on The Historical, Present, and Future Perspectives of the Social Security Program in the US was written and submitted by user Izaiah R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Word Choice Onto vs. On To - Proofread My Paper

Word Choice Onto vs. On To - Proofread My Paper Word Choice: Onto vs. On To The author Kingsley Amis once said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have found by experience that no one persistently using ‘onto’ writes anything much worth reading.† But Amis was also a serial adulterer and a drunk, so, in some regards, he might not be a great example to follow. â€Å"Onto† is a common term in most forms of writing these days. But there are occasions when you should still keep â€Å"on† and â€Å"to† separate. To help you understand when this is necessary, in this blogpost we explain the difference between â€Å"onto† and â€Å"on to.† Onto (To Position on a Surface) Although originally written as two words, â€Å"onto† is now a one-word preposition used to mean â€Å"position on top of† something. As such, we might say: I climbed onto the wall to get a better view. Here, the key factor is that something is on top of something else. Climbing onto walls can end badly if you are a fictional egg. It can also be used metaphorically to describe understanding something (i.e., being â€Å"on top of† a problem): When she saw how to correct the error, she was onto it in a flash. The important thing to remember about â€Å"onto,† though, is that it generally involves something being positioned on top of something else. On To (Part of a Verb Phrase) â€Å"On† and â€Å"to† should be kept separate when the â€Å"on† is part of a verb phrase. Take the following, for example: Once you finish reading Treasure Island, you can move on to Of Mice and Men. Here, â€Å"on† is part of the verb phrase â€Å"move on,† meaning â€Å"proceed onward,† and followed by the preposition â€Å"to.† If we used â€Å"onto,† it would imply climbing on top of a John Steinbeck novel! And thats not how to treat the works of respected authors. Onto or On To? When choosing between â€Å"onto† and â€Å"on to,† the important thing is the context. If the â€Å"on† belongs to a verb phrase, the terms should be separate. If you’re describing something as being positioned on top of something else, however, â€Å"onto† is acceptable. Remember: Onto = Preposition meaning â€Å"on top of† On to = Part of a verb phrase

Definition and Examples of Clang Association

Definition and Examples of Clang Association Clang association is word choice determined not by logic or meaning but by a words similarity in sound to another word. Also known as an association by sound  or  clanging. Clang association sometimes influences semantic change. For example, originally the noun fruition meant enjoyment, pleasure before its association with fruit developed the sense fulfillment, realization (John Algeo in The Cambridge History of the English Language: 1776-1997). Clang Association and Semantic Change Similarity or identity of sound may likewise influence meaning. Fay, from the Old French fae fairy has influenced fey, from Old English fà ¦ge fated, doomed to die to such an extent that fey is practically always used nowadays in the sense spritely, fairlylike. The two words are pronounced alike, and there is an association of meaning at one small point: fairies are mysterious; so is being fated to die, even though we are all so fated. There are many other instances of such confusion through clang association (that is, association by sound rather than meaning). For example, in conservative use fulsome means offensively insincere as in fulsome praise, but it is often used in the sense extensive because of the clang with full; fruition is from Latin frui to enjoy by way of Old French, and the term originally meant enjoyment but now usually means state of bearing fruit, completion (Rex, 1969); fortuitous earlier meant occurring by chance but now is generally used as a synonym for fortu nate because of its similarity to that word. (T. Pyles and J. Algeo, The Origins and Development of the English Language. Harcourt, 1982) President George W. Bushs Clang Associations [George] Bushs spontaneous public statements also suggest that he listens to and uses words based on their sound, not on their meaninga practice known in psychology as clang association. This accounts for many of his famous malapropisms: commending American astronauts as courageous spacial entrepreneurs, referring to the press as the punditry, wondering whether his policies resignate with the people, warning Saddam Hussein that he would be persecuted as a war criminal after the fall of Iraq. (Justin Frank, Bush on the Couch. Harper, 2004) Clang Association in the Language of Schizophrenics [E]arly investigations into the language of schizophrenics (see Kasanin 1944) came upon the phenomenon of a spate of talk being touched off by the sound of some word in a prior utterance (so-called clang association), a phenomenon which students of conversation will recognize as not uncommon in ordinary talk. But having found it through the close examination of schizophrenic talk (talk which could be so closely examined by virtue of its speakers disgnoses), it was taken as specially characteristic of such talk. So also with childrens talk, etc.(Emanuel A. Schegloff, Reflections on Talk and Social Structure. Talk and Social Structure: Studies in Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis, ed. by Deirdre Boden and Don H. Zimmerman. University of California Press, 1991) The Lighter Side of Clang Associations All right, Cranberry said. Your trouble is, you cant pass a word up. Youre a compulsive punner. . . .There is something we call Klang associations. Its a sort of chain punning, and is characteristic of certain encysted types. Your pattern is a complex and refined variation of these word salads.It is also, I answered coolly, if I am not mistaken, the method by which James Joyce constructed Finnegans Wake. . . .At length, my habit cleared up. . . . [W]hen a dinner companion exclaimed that she had glimpsed three wedges of southbound geese over her rooftop in one day, I [did not] succumb to the temptation to murmur, Migratious!(Peter De Vries, Compulsion. Without a Stitch in Time. Little Brown, 1972)

Comparing two projects Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Comparing two projects - Research Paper Example rojects preceded from necessity but while the Gautrain project is a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between the province of Gauteng and the Bombela Consortium, the A380 is a flagship project of a company whose majority shares are owned by European governments under a â€Å"Contractual Partnership.† As a PPP, the Gautrain project was initiated by the Gauteng province, which provided the land and the accompanying pertinent legislations. On the other hand, concessionaire Bombela, the winning private concessionaire, took care of the rest - subcontracting various aspects of the works from the civil works, electrical and mechanical works, operations and maintenance to its various partners. The risks are therefore shifted from Gauteng to Bombela. Airbus, on the other hand, divided the work on the A380 among its several partners whose plants are located across the European continent in accordance with the latter’s specialisation; their finished products eventually transported to Airbus’ main headquarters in Toulouse, France for assembly work. The cost of production of the Gautrain was primarily shouldered by the private concessionaire while the A380 was shouldered alone by the airplane manufacturer partly from money loaned to it by the respective government partners unde r a â€Å"launch loan.† Of the nine provinces constituting South Africa (SA hereafter), Gauteng is the smallest with its area comprising a mere 1.4% of the entire area of the country. As can be seen from Fig. 1, Gauteng (in yellow) is located in the northeastern portion and is landlocked by four other SA provinces. Despite its area and inaccessibility to export and import terminals, Gauteng is the economic center of South Africa 1 and is home to most of SA’s corporate headquarters and financial sector located in the province. 2 It comprises three very important urban areas: Pretoria, the capital of South Africa where the national political government is located; Johannesburg, the capital of the

Types of Terrorism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Types of Terrorism - Case Study Example Terrorism is characterised by use of violence indiscriminatively against civilians with intensions of gaining publicity of cause for individuals or groups. Bioterrorism is a kind of terrorism that involves the dessemination of any bioplogical agent, in its natural or modified human form and that agent has anadverse effect on the health of individuals. The biological agents here may include but not limited to bacteria, bacterial toxins, fungal toxins and viruses. This are sometimeds descrinbed as biological weapons and have been used in warefare in manay nations incliuding the United States of America. Bioterrorism is one of the most attractive weapon for terrorism because it consist mainly of the biological agents and hence less expensive dispite the fact that it causes wide spread panic and fear as well as the actual physical damages that they cause to the body. Bioterrorism has a wider and undiscriminatory impact if applied in millitary or warfare. Because of these reasons therefor e the use of biological agents may only be useful in terrorism. As observed by Guillemin (2001), the use of biological agents have wide range of limitations for their use in war since it effectsis experienced passsed the target groups and individuals. It is not possible to dissminate the biological agents such that only the enemy is affected and in most instances, even the friendly forces are affected by the biolofgical agent (Guillemin, 2001). It is therefore useful for the terrorits due to the ease of creating mass panicx as well as disrupting the society and their activities. As warned by Fong & Alibek (2009), there is potential power that the results and advanccements in genetic engineering is palcing on the hands of the terrorists in the future. In his study he has also indicated that the genetic technology would benefit the terrorists more thn it would benefit its intensions in the future. Bioterrorism also includes also those aspects of the use of bioloical agents to disriupt a wider range of the society and the peole living in the society. This does not mean that it must result into the deaths of the peole but it may result into wider impact on the economy in terms of economic losses and other impacts. For example, in the year 2001 and the year 2007, the United kingdom witnessed the a wide outbreak and spread of the foot and mouth disease. While this did not infect the humans, it resulted into serious econnomic damages as well as public concerns and panic. Bioterrorism therefore includes both the aspects economy as well as the health of individual populations and the impacts such as panic, infections or deaths. Bioterrorism is also different from natural outbreak. This is because the natural outbreaks are not engineered by anybody but occur naturally while bioterrorism includes the use of biological gagents that are directed towards an individual or poipulation. Anthrax oubreak is one of the impacts of the biological agents used in bioterrorism in many nations. Anthrax is caused by a spore forming bacterium known as Bacillus anthracis. It is non contagious and hence transmissiom from one individual to the other through contacts is not very easy. Bacillus anthracis was first use in biological warfare in in germana when the German working stafs were supplied with the anthrax bacterium and used it against the Russian Army in Finland (Guillemin, 2010). The most recent attack and outbreak

Explore the ways in which Shakespeare presents male characters Essay Example for Free

Explore the ways in which Shakespeare presents male characters Essay The female characters in Hamlet have several vital roles within the play that serve to add depth and interest to the overall plot. Shakespeare employs the women to emphasize key themes such as betrayal, that might not otherwise be drawn out, and also enable the audience to gain a deeper understanding of the main male characters through the way in which they view and treat women. It is important to closely examine the male-female interaction and relationships in order to understand how Shakespeare uses the women as a dramatic device. The main male characters of Hamlet, Claudius, Polonius and Laertes are repeatedly shown to possess negative attitudes towards women. These attitudes result in unjust, oppressive and abusive relationships with the female characters of Gertrude and Ophelia. The primary male character, Hamlet, bears no exception to this general negativity directed at women. Shakespeare presents Hamlet as a man with a progressive hatred of womankind, having a detrimental influence upon his relationships with the female characters. Shakespeare implies the reason for Hamlets increased negativity to be his mothers remarriage to his uncle, Claudius. The extent this has affected Hamlet is implied through repeated mention of it, such as in his second soliloquy when he speaks of Claudius two crimes as making his mother a whore and the murder of [his] father. Here, Shakespeare uses the order in which Hamlet lists Claudius crimes to convey which event Hamlet views most severely. Damage caused by the remarriage is again seen through Hamlets resulting negativity towards women. One such attitude is the belief that women are overtly sexual. Upon Hamlets Chance meeting with Ophelia, he comments unfavourably on her tendency as a woman to jig, amble and lisp. Shakespeares chosen combination of verbs implies that Hamlet thinks women to have an inherently flirtatious nature. Hamlet also speaks to Ophelia of womens wantonness becoming their ignorance, implying that sexual desires become their downfall. It seems that this view of women as sexual tempters leads Hamlet to believe that they should be cut off from men, so as not to cause men detriment. Shakespeare conveys this through Hamlets instruction to Ophelia to get thee to a nunnery; repeating this line to demonstrate his conviction that women should remain separate so their overtly sexual nature cannot negatively influence men. Shakespeare emphasizes this through the forceful language Hamlet uses to instruct Ophelia in this action, for example go, and quickly too and that she must go now. Through Hamlets repetition of the imperative verb go, Shakespeare conveys his commanding tone, leaving the audience with no doubt of his vehemence. Shakespeare again shows Hamlets problem with womens sexuality through his repulsion at his mothers relationship with Claudius. In Hamlets first soliloquy he speaks of the speed of the marriage, saying how Gertrude did post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets. Here, Shakespeares repetition of s sounds acts as a sibilant to emphasise that Hamlet is hissing the words, conveying disgust at his mothers remarriage and sexual relationship. In negatively viewing the sexuality of both women in his life, Shakespeare hints that Hamlet not only has a problem with them individually, but that his grudge also lies with womankind. This is epitomized through his suggestion to Ophelia at the Chance Meeting that there should be no more marriage, thus effectively terminating sexual relationships. Hamlets disapproval of womens sexuality is linked with his belief that they have a ruinous influence upon men. Shakespeare shows this attitude through the way that in the Chance Meeting with Ophelia, Hamlet suggests that women in general corrupt men, saying wise men know well enough what monsters you make of them. Shakespeare again shows Hamlet blaming women for mens faults including his own insanity, saying their flirtatious games hath made [him] mad. Thus, Hamlet is shown to hold women as scapegoats, accountable for mens faults. Hamlets negative attitudes of women combine to produce unequal and oppressive relationships with both women in his life. Shakespeare demonstrates the imbalance in Hamlets relationship with Ophelia through the way the two characters treat one another so differently. Whilst Hamlet carries out a character assassination of her in the Chance Meeting saying that she is corrupt and a sinner, Ophelia glorifies him. Ophelia implies that Hamlet is awed saying he is observed and the glass of fashion. Also, Ophelia believes him to be of good character, saying he has a noble mind. This suggests Ophelias adoration of Hamlet, prior to his madness, and hints at her love for him. Through this contrast between Ophelias treatment of Hamlet with his of her, Shakespeare indicates who dominates their imbalanced relationship. The result is confusion and pain for the subservient Ophelia, shown through her repeated questions such as what means this my lord? and her declaration of grief at Hamlets rejection, proclaiming O woe is me.

The NASW Position Statement on Gays and Lesbians and the Students Persp

There are many issues that interfere with the health and happiness of those within the Gay and Lesbian community. The National Association Position Statement on Gays and Lesbians is as attempt to abolish such issues within the social work practice. One place that individuals of any sexual orientation practice should feel safe is with those who have chosen the field of social work as a means to helping the oppressed. Social workers must be aware of their own personal beliefs and values when it comes to the fear of and the misrepresentation of working with this divers group. The consequences of not dealing with such issues and may have a latent manifest in dealing with the Gay and Lesbian population, and if not addressed prior to working in this field, maybe devastating to a client. After reviewing the NASW’s Position Statement of Gays and Lesbians, I found that â€Å"NASW supports laws and rights as it pertains to the rights of gays, lesbians, bisexual, and transgender or the LGBT (NASW, 2004).† Moreover, the position statement identifies that homosexuals should be seen as equals and be given the right to such issues as same-sex marriages, adoptions, joint tax returns, shared health insurance, parenting, and bereavement leaves. As social workers we should not try to change a person’s beliefs about their sexual orientation in anyway, but seek to gain education concerning human sexuality, human sexual development, and a high degree of comfort and communication skills when responding to such issues (Haldman, 1994). Before I penetrate any further into this paper, I would like to point out that it is important for people (especially social workers), to know what the meaning of heterosexism is to truly understand the concept of the NASW... ...eflects my own views and experiences concerning LGBT group as it relates to the NASW position on Gays and Lesbian. It is because I am a social work student that I celebrate and support this statement. Works Cited Hacker. 2011. in Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved May 8, 2011, from http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/hacker National Association of Social Workers. (1999). Code of ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington, DC: Author. National Association of Social Workers. (2003). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual issues. Social work speaks: National Association of Social Workers policy statements, 2003–2006 (6th ed., pp. 224–235). Washington, DC: NASW Press. Walter R. Schumm 2010: The Other Story about Same Sex Parenting, www. schumm@ksu.edu, Retrieved March 4, 2012 www.eReference.com/reference/dictionary/entry/heterosexism

Night by Elie Wiesel Essay

The relationship between Eliezer and his father in the memoir Night by Elie Wiesel is interesting because of the way the relationship strengthens and weakens over the course of the book. The relationship is also interesting because of the way Eliezer allows others (inmates, Kapos, etc. ) to affect the way he feels towards his father. In Night, the relationship between Eliezer and his father is, at first, not strong. This is shown when Eliezer rebels against his fathers wishes of not studying Kabbalah and seeks guidance for this subject from the town hobo, Moishe the Beadle: â€Å"And Moishe the Beadle, the poorest of the poor of Sighet, spoke to me for hours on end about the Kabbalah’s revelations and its mysteries. † (Section 1, Paragraph 5, Page 5). Eliezer’s father is a highly respected and very intelligent man and his opinion on public and private matters is often sought after in their community, Eliezer however, describes his father as â€Å"a rather unsentimental man† and â€Å"more involved with the welfare of others than with that of his own kin. (Section 1, Paragraph2, Page 4). This makes the relationship between Eliezer and his father interesting because even though their relationship is weak, his father still play a big part in telling Eliezer what he can and cannot do and the role of his life in the family – â€Å"my place was in the house of study, or so they said† (Section 1, Paragraph 3, Page 4) During their time together in Auschwitz, Eliezer and his father begin to grow closer. Eliezer demonstrates this when asked if he would like to be placed into a good Kommando and he replies with: â€Å"of course. But on one condition: I want to stay with my father. † (Section 4, Page 48, Paragraph 2). This may be because any strength and support they have left could only be found in each other: â€Å"My father’s presence was the only thing that stopped me [from allowing myself to die] †¦ I had no right to let myself die. What would he do without me? I was his sole support† (Section 6, Page 87, Paragraph 1) This makes the relationship more intriguing because it almost seems like Eliezer and his father are only continuing to live so the other has the strength to live too. By the time Eliezer and his father reach Gleiwitz, Eliezer’s father is dying and becoming increasingly weaker. Eliezer is now constantly looking after his father and giving him most of his rations, though is seems, Eliezer is doing this grudgingly: â€Å"I gave him what was left of my soup. But my heart was heavy. † (Section 9, Page 107, Paragraph 3). This is most likely due to the influence of other inmates and what the Blockalteste told him about Auschwitz being a place where it is every man for himself: â€Å"Listen to me, kid. Don’t forget you are in a concentration camp. In this place, it is every man for himself, and you cannot think about others †¦ In this place, there is no such thing as father, brother †¦ You cannot help him anymore. † (Section 9, Page 110, Paragraph 3). This makes their relationship interesting because Eliezer, though he loves his father dearly, is now stuck between the choice of continuing to nurse his father, or to let him die. A hard choice for anyone to make. A strong theme that comes through in Night that readers can see from Eliezer and his father’s relationship is the importance of strong father-son/family bonds. Three times Eliezer discusses moments that destroyed a bond between father and son. He states that these moments were brought upon them by the conditions of which the prisoners were forced to live in and to endure, these moments when a son sacrificed his father to save himself – the pipel abusing his father, the boy killing his father for a mere crust of bread, and the horrible motives of Rabbi Eliahou’s son. All of this is interesting in contrast to Eliezer and his father’s bond because their relationship demonstrates love and solidarity: â€Å"We’ll take turns. I’ll watch over you and you’ll watch over me. † (Section 8, Page 88, Paragraph 3). Their relationship shows us that love is a strong force of survival, much stronger than man’s instinct for self-preservation. In conclusion, the relationship between Eliezer and his father is interesting because of the way the relationship is shaped over the course of the book by different events. Their relationship strengthens in Auschwitz, is weakened momentarily by the actions of other inmates in Buchenwald, but comes through strong in the end because of their love for each other.

Challenging Obstacle

Ray Pyle November 18, 2012 Essay #5 College Entry Essay 9:40-Sect. 46; 11:10-Sect. 69 Most Challenging Obstacle: The Death of My Father Most people would say that high school and resisting peer pressure would be the most difficult task that they have ever faced. Well the most challenging obstacle that I had to overcome was the death of my father. My life was turned upside down when it all happened. It greatly impacted me on a physical and mental level. Luckily this challenge taught me to cherish life. It even brought me closer to God and to understand that he has a plan for all of us.It pushed me to become more determined and motivated in any activity I partake in. Our family is much closer now then we were before. His death opened my eyes and my mind to accept the idea that you must live life to the fullest. Not only did it teach me to live life but it showed me how to be confident, strong, respectable to everyone and everything, and how to appreciate the little things in life. This would definitely be the hardest obstacle that I ever had to face in my life. Ever since that faithful day my views on life have changed dramatically. Now I have become more an optimistic individual.Yes, I am more optimistic because now I see the true beauty of the world that I always overlooked. When I see pictures of nature it releases a feeling of sanctity or even solace. I don’t take life for granted anymore, now I strongly believe that every life is precious even the pesky bugs. His leaving revealed that instead of rushing life I should stop every once in a while and take a gander at nature. Like a moment to soak it all in and embrace the true beauty that so much people fail to see. Now I live in the moment instead of worrying what the future brings.This ordeal has brought me a lot more near to God. In my prayers I learned that God needed him and that my father had fulfilled his purpose. I know it sound cliche but it is the truth and no one can tell me differently. Inste ad of resorting to drug I turned to God and he helped me through the pain. In a way God has taken the role of a fatherly figure and I am grateful. I go to church more often and I feel more alive and refreshed. This trial has shown me the love that God has to offer and how he will take care of you when your love ones are gone.God has become an important factor in my life after my dad died. My determination is at the highest point it could be. I have this motivation to strive to become the best I can. I do these things to make my father proud and to honor his legacy. To be honest, if my father was alive today I wouldn’t have fathom the idea of taking Advanced Placement courses. I would have relied on my dad to do everything for me including finding and paying for my college. Now I can proudly say that with this newfound determination I can succeed on my own.For once in my life I am actually studying and pushing myself to the limit on how much I can learn and retain. I was able to turn such a negative situation into a positive by using it to fuel my dreams. When all was finished this traumatic event created a feeling of togetherness. Our family became tighter and closer together. Now we set up family nights where it would either be Mexican night meaning we make Mexican dishes or game night where we battle it out on the Wii. On certain Saturday’s we all would go out to any restaurant mostly Chili’s and sit-down and talk about how our week was.In a sense we come together and evaluate our week and sometimes we even reminisce about him. It is better to remember the good times than to remember what happened that cold December night. His death brought our family together and taught individual to enjoy the times we have left on Earth because you never know when it is your time. The experience I gained was how to be confident in everything I do. I learned how to be strong in times of great distress. I now have the utmost respect for every living thin g. Also, his death allowed me to see how important life is and how we must make the most of it.You always live like it is you last day and always be willing to aid those in need. My father passing away gave me lesson that I hope to pass onto my children. Seeing my father go would have to be the hardest thing that I ever had to overcome. Thanks to God I am standing here stronger than ever. Instead of using this as an excuse I am using this as fuel to empower me. This situation has impacted me physical and mental but I won’t ever let it hold me down. In my heart I know that my father will never accept less so I will aim for the highest peak and ride it out to the end.

Free Essays on How Newspapers Are Dealing With The Trend Toward Online Journalism

How Newspapers are dealing with the trend in Online Journalism The emergence of the Internet as a medium for mass communication in the mid 1990’s caught the majority of newspapers off guard. The area of print journalism was filled with an air of complacency and a feeling of comfort stemming from their position as the â€Å"only game in town.† When the reality of the information super-highway hit, many newspapers were flustered to find an avenue to keep up with the quick developing internet information network. (Moses, â€Å"Houston we have a Solution†) Print journalism advertising revenues took the majority of the losses sustained by the publics interest in the Internet, more directly classified advertising of employment, automobile sales and real estate. A 1998 Newspaper Association of America Study found 19% of all recent homebuyers used the Internet as their main source of information. (Carlson, â€Å"Nibbling on Newspapers†) Job seeker sites such as, Monster.com have taken the biggest chunk out of newspaper-classified revenue and hence waged an unexpected battle with the publishers of newspapers around the world for the almighty advertising dollar. The New York Times Company, Times Mirror and the Times Tribune Company have joined together to form Careerpath.com to bring the battle to the home of online foes. (Carlson, â€Å"nibbling†) The newspaper industry has also responded to the Internet threat by joining the numerous other news sources in putting their information on the net via their very own online publications. Newspapers, armed with the knowledge that over 85% of adults look at a newspaper in the span of a week, broadened their horizons with online publications meant to satisfy the needs of the computer savvy or on the go reader. (Case, â€Å"The Last Mass Medium†) Web designers are an important part of today’s news organizations just as staff reporters. While at one time graphics specialists were called upon ... Free Essays on How Newspapers Are Dealing With The Trend Toward Online Journalism Free Essays on How Newspapers Are Dealing With The Trend Toward Online Journalism How Newspapers are dealing with the trend in Online Journalism The emergence of the Internet as a medium for mass communication in the mid 1990’s caught the majority of newspapers off guard. The area of print journalism was filled with an air of complacency and a feeling of comfort stemming from their position as the â€Å"only game in town.† When the reality of the information super-highway hit, many newspapers were flustered to find an avenue to keep up with the quick developing internet information network. (Moses, â€Å"Houston we have a Solution†) Print journalism advertising revenues took the majority of the losses sustained by the publics interest in the Internet, more directly classified advertising of employment, automobile sales and real estate. A 1998 Newspaper Association of America Study found 19% of all recent homebuyers used the Internet as their main source of information. (Carlson, â€Å"Nibbling on Newspapers†) Job seeker sites such as, Monster.com have taken the biggest chunk out of newspaper-classified revenue and hence waged an unexpected battle with the publishers of newspapers around the world for the almighty advertising dollar. The New York Times Company, Times Mirror and the Times Tribune Company have joined together to form Careerpath.com to bring the battle to the home of online foes. (Carlson, â€Å"nibbling†) The newspaper industry has also responded to the Internet threat by joining the numerous other news sources in putting their information on the net via their very own online publications. Newspapers, armed with the knowledge that over 85% of adults look at a newspaper in the span of a week, broadened their horizons with online publications meant to satisfy the needs of the computer savvy or on the go reader. (Case, â€Å"The Last Mass Medium†) Web designers are an important part of today’s news organizations just as staff reporters. While at one time graphics specialists were called upon ...

Art History Midterm Essay Example for Free

Art History Midterm Essay The tomb painters were more of artisans than they were artists in ancient Egypt. The reason for this is they didn’t typically come up with the ideas for what they were painting in the tombs; they were told what to paint and painted it. Artists would have had free range on what to paint rather than being told what to paint exactly. Artisans are more the people who can actually paint someone’s idea who might not be able to design or paint the idea given. One rationale reason for cave paintings in prehistoric times, that I have heard and agree with is that they painted these things on the walls in hope that the creatures would come so they would have food among other things. One particular example would be all the paintings in the Las Caux cave in France; it is a cave entirely full of images of bulls. Bulls or bison were a source of not only food but probably clothing and they could use other parts of the body for various things. These animals were extremely important for their culture to survive. I believe they painted them on the walls not only to honor the creatures for all they did to help their people but also as wishful thinking. It’s the whole â€Å"if you build it they will come† idea, if the people painted these animals maybe something miraculously would help their hunting season better. This theory helps show how they believed in gods and looked for help from a higher being just like we do now. 3. During ancient times goddess statues were extremely popular all over the then world. One of the most famous goddess statues is the Venus of Willendorf. She is the very first goddess statue that has been found and dates back to 24,000 bce. She is a very small pudgy statue with and large female areas; her face is not there and is replaces with grooves. The statue has no feet and cannot stand on its own. The way that the statue was created shows the importance of fertility and women by not only the enlarged breast but the wide hips that would be of assistance when it comes to giving birth. They most likely used this little statue to wish new couples luck when it comes to reproducing and it was a fertility statue. Modern day has a much different view on our â€Å"goddess† culture. People nowadays look up to Barbie dolls and stick thin models and celebrities. So much has changed since then. The prehistoric times and even up until more recent times believed that fuller women were beautiful and even that it showed wealth. I think that our culture looks up to the wrong people when it comes to our versions of a â€Å"goddess culture†. One Mesopotamian civilization that I like is Babylon. It was a land in the Fertile Crescent between the rivers like most civilizations in that time period. They had one of the most influential and important leaders, Hammurabi, who came up with one of the most well known set of laws or Hammurabi’s code. Babylon also was the home of one of the Seven Wonders of the World the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Babylon was a very well set up society and really changed the way people governed their civilizations. They were one of the first cultures to write down their set of rules and stick by them through thick and thin and that was entirely new. Question 1: When it comes to restoring artwork it is a tricky subject. I think that they should restore art but not add anything to it because it makes it a different then it was originally portrayed. I think restoring the art so it is in full form is ideally good because we want future generations to see the pieces of art the way they were meant to be viewed. I mean yes, it is using a lot of time and a lot of hours to be fixing something that is broken and old, but it’s our history. If these artifacts were not there we would have no look into our past and how people lived. People should fix up old paintings, statues and buildings because not only is it part of history but it’s incredible to see how people could build such magnificent things without the technology we have today. It makes people appreciate what they have now and all the advances we have gone through. When it is 300,000 years from now and out pictures and buildings are slowly falling apart we would want someone to take their time and interest to fix up something that we once held as a huge part of our lives and our society. If the paintings, statues and buildings were built and built so beautifully they were made that way for a reason. Art is art and I think we should do everything humanly possible to keep this world as beautiful through the decades as it was meant to be when they first were displayed. Art History Midterm. (2018, Oct 30).

Internet TV Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Internet TV - Assignment Example Although NBC currently offers internet TV services, they are not much effective in inviting viewers’ attention. By designing potential online business models between NBC and internet providers, the company (NBC) can attain notable achievements in the internet TV sector. In addition, business alliance with internet providers would assist the NBC to provide its customers with cheap rate internet connections for TV sets. Forecasts indicate that the practice of internet video broadcasting to TV sets is likely to increase over the coming years (Over the top TV, p.9). As Lauden and Traven (2012) state, smart phones and tablets will be the primary platform for internet access in the near future (slide 3-15). Therefore, it is advisable for the firm to develop adequate competencies to strengthen its position in the field of internet video broadcasting. It is obvious that the NBC has a set of competitive internal management strengths and a range of potential resources to fuel its televi sion broadcasting network. As a result, it would be easy for the organization to choose potential internet TV programs and to avail them to its millions of viewers. Since a notable majority of the US people possess PCs, it is specifically advisable for the company to use the ‘PC connected to TV’ method to promote its internet TV operations. ... Currently, the firm faces stiff competition from its market rivals like Bell TV. In order to address such competition threats, it is recommendable for the company to enter the internet TV market because the popularity of internet is rapidly growing in the Canadian market. Today, internet services are provided to individuals at cheaper rates (Lauden & Traver, 2012- slide 3-22). Therefore, the idea of internet TV would be affordable and convenient for customers. In Canada, the number of people watching movies via VCRs and DVD players has declined noticeably. At the same time, a CTAM Canada survey (as cited in The Hollywood reporter, 2012) report reflects that Canadian youngsters (between the ages 18-39) are interested to view more web content than television. This survey report points to the potential opportunities of ‘over- the- top television’ (frontier model) in the country. In this context, it is advisable for Rogers TV to find some potential ways to transfer internet video to the TV. Both PC based and lightweight set-top box based internet video broadcasting are recommendable for the company. Undoubtedly, this business model would benefit the organization to generate more revenues from young people. Although this change may cause the company to lose some elder customers, the firm will be the net winners. Bell Canada Bell Canada is a Canadian media company headquartered in Montreal. Obviously, Bell Canada also depends more on the traditional TV distribution model and hence the company has a little presence in the internet TV sector. As compared to its main competitor Rogers, the Bell Canada has more potential growth opportunities. To illustrate, as Sturgeon (2012) points out, the

Foundation of Organisation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foundation of Organisation - Coursework Example One major problem that arises due to first growth is poor coordination. With a huge workforce working for the organization and a lot of resources being utilised to ensure high productivity, there are high chances of poor coordination setting in. Although the company might record increased sales, this does not automatically mean that the company is becoming more profitable. The organization may in fact be spending more to achieve less. In this respect, there are chances that lack of proper coordination could lead to cash flow shortages, which at first may be subtle and easy to ignore but with time, expenses will start exceeding revenues at a higher pace with each new month of business growth.   Under this circumstance, the company then begins to haemorrhage and becomes less profitable. Although hiring more employees results in increased production, it could negatively affect its performance. This is mainly because as the number of employees increases, the company and its principles begin to loose touch with the key employees, most of whom are more experienced, well trained and are more depended on by the company. Such employees will suffer greatly from loss of job satisfaction, become demotivated and could even quit the company. Having many employees could also lead to unproductive divisions that could strain its profitability and performance. As they try to control increased business activities and increased employee base, the management could lose track of the business functions that are more essential and this directly impairs its performance. The other potential problem that fast growing firms could encounter as they grow is lack of proper business planning. This problem mainly arises because the decision to expand in such companies is driven by the desire for personal/company satisfaction and the need to take advantage of available business opportunities instead of economic analysis, market studies and sound financial evaluation. As a result of this, the management of the company will end up creating for themselves a challenge beyond their capability and experience. Because of the improper motivations, such firms end up making rash decisions and developing projects or buy machinery that may not necessarily increase the profitability and performance of the company. Such projects or machinery could block the ability of the company to develop more appropriate projects or purchase more effective machinery due to incompatibility with the rashly established projects or acquired machinery. It could even lead to incompletion of these projects due to the problem of underfunding and this will have used funds for setting up more appropriate projects. Question 2: Solutions Solutions to loss of clear insight into the performance of the business and its profitability The company’s management must ensure that all its undertakings aim at supporting the core activities of the business. This means that the company must ensure that all the acti vities of various functions are properly coordinated. Good governance also plays a great role in the success of companies experiencing fast growth. The management of the organization should see to it that good decisions are made and that policies created by management apply throughout the organization. The company should limit all new projects to those it has the capacity and experience of handling. If not, it should hire people who are experienced and competent enough to handle such projects. This solution is crucial in

Economic Advantages of Free Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic Advantages of Free Trade - Essay Example This essay presents a brief informative theoretic overview of the positive economic effects, that free trade agreements exert on economic performance of a country. When country trades with another state, it either exports products to that country or it imports, procures products and services from that particular nation. When a country exports different goods and commodities to other member states, it can be seen that it stands better chances of generating revenue from that particular activity. Exports boost the wealth of the nation and imports also contribute to the welfare of the country. When a country sells certain goods to other countries, it generates revenue in the form of foreign currency and this money can be channelled into the economy and it can help it to develop. Precious commodities such as gold and other minerals are exported to other countries and they bring a lot of forex to the host country. Other industries such as textile also export different goods to other countries and these exports help to generate revenue for the host country. The money is used for other developmental purposes and it helps the host nation to improve its economy. With a thriving export market in a country, it can be seen that employment is also likely to be created as a result of the growing demand of the products that are locally produced and sold to other countries. This means that more money is injected in the economy and it can also be used for developing other social amenities such as health, education as well as infrastructure. The roads in a particular country are likely to be developed and buildings are also likely to be constructed as a result of free trade between member states that will help each other to gain the desired objectives in as far as economic growth and development are concerned. The other advantage of free trade among member states is that they can easily

Theories of autobiographical memory

Theories of autobiographical memory Autobiographical memory is characterised by individual and gender differences resulting from significant social interchanges and cultural milieus experienced during the early-developmental and mature phases of life. The study is designed to explore the theoretical concepts encompassing the different types, neural basis and several theoretical dimensions pertaining to the autobiographical memory. Keywords: autobiographical memory, cognitive behaviour, cognitive psychology Theories of Autobiographical Memory 3 Autobiographical Memory: A Theoretical Overview Autobiographical memory can be defined as an explicit memory of the past events (Eysenck and Keane, 2005, p. 138) contributed by varying certain nostalgic factors including individuals psychological understanding, complex spoken or sign language, remembrance of interaction with parents and others, specific style of talking, self-representation, personal perspectives and narrative comprehension and production (Williams, Conway Cohen, 2008, p. 371). Numerous episodic memories or recollected events belonging to an individuals past life are referred as autobiographical memories, which have been identified as more complex form of mummeries as compared to the laboratory memories in accordance with several studies conducted by a number of cognitive psychologists. The episodic memory experiment conducted in a laboratory is usually concerned with a brief set of memory comprising of events that are based on certain words that are presented on a computer screen which primarily involve the use of a single sensory modality; exhibiting a diminutive variation in spatial, temporal, emotional, and narrative content or context that is personally irrelevant to the subject (Bauer, Stennes Haight, 2003, p. 29). On the other hand, in autobiographical memories events are recalled by involving multimodal senses as for example, taste, smell, touch, hearing, vision and kinesthesis which are meant to exhibit significant variation in content and context of spatial, temporal, emotional, and narrative reason and also demonstrate personal relevance (Eysenck and Keane, 2005, p. 138). Autobiographical memories involve real-world stimuli and are extremely complex thus, necessitating supplementary theoretical and methodological considerations that are usually not required in a laboratory study involving simplified stimuli (Diamond, Lee Hayden, 2003, p. 831). The main objective of this study is to explore the theoretical underpinnings of cognitive psychology related to the autobiographical mem ory. The initial segment of the Theories of Autobiographical Memory 4 study aims to identify different types of autobiographical memory which extends to the middle segment which is meant to evaluate its neural basis. The later segment of the study explicates the different theories of the subject matter leading to the final conclusion. Types of Autobiographical Memories The systemic requirements pertaining to autobiographical memories involve individual senses as for example visualisation, hearing, and smell; a multimodal spatial system which reminds about the location concerning the objects and people; emotional system; linguistic system; a narrative system concerning casual interactions which does not necessarily involve the use of language (Rubin, Schrauf, Greenberg, 2003, p. 889); and an explicit memory system which facilitates in coordinating information with the rest (Schrauf Rubin, 2000, p. 621). Depending upon an individuals memory, each of these systems tends to process, organise and assign roles that are exhibited by specific cognitive-behaviours. A number of instrumental studies are employed to document the evidences proffered by each system including cognitive-behavioural studies, individual differences research, neuro-anatomy, neuropsychology, and neuro-imaging studies that are all helpful in identifying the traces of events collected within the autobiographical memory of an individual. It has been studied that autobiographical memory itself, does not represents a single entity rather it is complimented by multiple systems; each demonstrating diverse roles, organisation and processing of the relevant data (Conway Pleydell-Pearce, 2000, p. 267). The permanence of the autobiographical memory significantly relies on the continuity of these individual systems and their interaction with each other exactly similar to the fact how the recollected memories of an individual is a shared cultural knowledge obtained during the life span which subsequently attributes cultural expectations rather than individuals autobiographical memory (Berntsen Rubin, 2004, p. 430). Long term memory is Theories of Autobiographical Memory 5 principally divided into three major systems including implicit memory characterised by the memories relating to the performance of a task in the absence of conscious recollection; semantic memory characterised by factual reminiscence of events; and episodic memory characterised by the memories of information within specific time and space units (Eysenck Keane, 2005, p. 194). Autobiographical memory is predominantly concerned with both the episodic and semantic memories which are further classified into three sub-types including factual memory, self-schemata, generic memory and specific memories (Conway Pleydell-Pearce, 2000, p. 261) that are explicated as follows: Factual Memory The concept of factual memory has not been widely appraised within the theoretical paradigm of autobiographical memory. Factual memory is primarily concerned with the immediate facts and present happenings. Self Schemata Self-schemata as the name indicates, is the central conception within cognitive therapy and is characterised by self-knowledge or information about ones own personality, nature or temperament; which is far more complex and contextualised as compared to the known facts but is much generalised as compared to specific or generic memories (Conway Pleydell-Pearce, 2000, p. 264). Self-schemata are not just limited to a specific self-knowledge are the accumulated information connected to specific self-realisation which can be corresponded as facts or statements. The process involves economical organisation of information related to abstracted real-life experiences which greatly differs from the schematic knowledge and this divergence between original experiences and schematic knowledge transpires as the cognitive processes are likely to be influenced by the pre-established schemata similar to the encoding of an experience. It has been studied that the Theories of Autobiographical Memory 6 insistence and distortion of self-schemata may considerably vary depending upon an individuals perceptions (Dalgleish, 2004, p. 233). Generic Memories Generic memories are much specific in comparison with the self-schemata as concerning the memories of repeated and similar experiences however, specific memories are less abstracted as compared to generic memories. The mechanism of generic memories greatly resembles with self-schemata as it involves stacking of analogous experiences. The most critical aspect of the generic memories is the sensory and visual-spatial components which significantly limits the stacking of experiences making it much more specific than self-schemata. A number of disorders especially depression is associated with a greater likelihood of recalling generic memories based slightly vague reminiscence of experiences. Specific Memories Strong sensory and visual-spatial components are the key characteristics of specific memories which facilitate in the recollection episodic events from an individuals past life encompassing certain canonical categories of information such as ongoing activity, location, persons, others affect and own affect (Williams, Conway Cohen, 2008, p. 376). There is a vast difference between specific and long-term specific memories as the most recent happenings can be recollected by most individuals retaining specific memories of the recent past however, the retention of long-term memories of that particular event, by each person is vitally dubious (Conway, 2005) as it has been studied that the specific memories of recent past belong to a different memory system than long term specific memories (Carver Bauer, 2001, p. 728). The process of autobiographical reasoning stressing on the temporal, causal and thematic relationship and cultural interchanges develop narrative-like structures which are meant to form explicit linkage between several specific memories (Bluck Habermas, Theories of Autobiographical Memory 7 2000, p. 140). The theory suggests that the memories of recent past are not subjected to schemata-driven reconstruction processes and therefore, specific memories can be considered as much accurate and less-biased. Neural Basis of Autobiographical Memories The theoretical underpinnings pertaining to the neural origins of autobiographical memory are briefly explicated as follows: Prospection Mental simulation of probable future events can significantly help an individual to strategise and plan for the potential opportunities in pursuit of personal objectives and thereby, chances of failures can be minimised through consistent efforts. It has been studied that prospection is the concept of imagining oneself in future which subsequently allows an individual to engage in organised strategic behaviour to achieve pre-planned personal objectives (Bird Reese 2006, p. 620). Remembering past events and futuristic thinking are both hypothesised to reflect the parallel course of action which has been explicated by the sequential distribution of self-generated probable future events that have been found to replicate the distribution of recollected past events of numerous individuals during their life cycle (Spreng Levine, 2006, p. 1649). There is a possibility that the recollection of past memories and prospection of futuristic events might share neural substrate and similar mecha nism as studies suggest that, a decreasing fashion of phenomenological richness (DArgembeau Van der Linden, 2004, p. 846) and episodic specificity with age (Addis, Wong, Schacter, 2008, p. 1365) has been observed, in the past and future events. Navigation In accordance with the cognitive theory both the ego-centric and allo-centric perspectives facilitate in imagining the current status of an individual and the desired Theories of Autobiographical Memory 8 objectives followed by specific routes to navigate spatial environments through topographical orientation (Bird Reese 2006, p. 615). Lesser emphasis is drawn to an individuals stance as per the allo-centric perspective which is meant to identify the relation between landmarks with the help of engaging ones mind to discover the future prospects that are substantially indifferent to the immediate environment or to visualise or map the environment (Bird Reese 2006, p. 622). Theory of Mind Theory of mind facilitates in comprehending the social navigation process indicating that the communal interchanges between people are based on an individuals perspectives that are greatly influenced by the pre-conceived notions and in order to predict the action and reaction of others, it is imperative to understand their perspective (Garfield, Peterson, Perry, 2001). It has been studied that to understand others perspectives, individuals make efforts to self-project themselves by simulating the mindset of others (Blakemore Decety, 200). Default Mode Functions of brain studied during the resting phase of an individual are usually referred as default mode (Mazoyer et al., 2001) which is characterised by the unprepared thoughts or mind wandering condition in which the brain is becomes stimulus-independent (Raichle et al., 2001) and could be irrational at times (Mason et al., 2007). Both the external or internal environment has no significant influence on the brain functioning of an individual in a resting phase however, an internal mode of cognition may become activated which allows an individual to self-projection or imagine one-self in a desired condition without being influenced by the respective environment (Gusnard, Akbudak, Shulman, Raichle, 2001; Raichle Gusnard, 2005). Theories of Autobiographical Memory 9 Theories of Autobiographical Memory Development The theoretical underpinnings of the autobiographical memory development have experienced significant progression in context of explaining infantile amnesia which reflects the failure of adults to recall events from their early stages of life. It is quiet a mystery that children seem to remember a lot from their long-term memory bank however, as they grow old and reach the adulthood it becomes exceedingly difficult for them to recall their past memories specially pertaining to their early childhood. Primary Influence Theories During the beginning of pre-school period there is a lack of cognitive and social cognitive framework which is responsible for encoding memories which subsequently result in the failure of retrieving self-relevant memories in later stages of life. Mirror task of self-recognition (MSR) has been identified as the most vital instrument for the encoding and storage of the autobiographical memories (Carver Bauer, 2001, p. 731). On the other hand, it has been hypothesised that self-recognition plays an integral role in retrieving the autobiographical memories however, children in early ages do not poses the ability to understand the fundamentals of nature, personality and character which makes it difficult for them to gain delayed self-recognition. Studies suggest that the memory bank becomes actively responses as soon as a child develops an understanding of one-self and achieves significant representational awareness agreeing to this, the cognitive-motivational theory of adults autobiogr aphical memory presented by (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce 2000) suggest that self grounding is an essential part of retrieving the memories however, they further emphasised on the identification of goals and argued that the inability to reconstruct the memories in later stages of life has a very close link with the incongruity of self-goals with the encoding and retrieving period. Theories of Autobiographical Memory 10 Multiple influence theories A number of studies concur with the former concept of insufficient cognitive or social-cognitive framework during early preschool years, is the vital cause interfering with the encoding and retrieval of autobiographical memories however; they further attempted to analyse the critical abilities of an individual to encode and retrieve the memories, in the larger social and linguistic realm for the child (Conway, Pleydell-Pearce Whitecross, 2001, p. 495). Children are unable to comprehend with the causal-temporal sequence of events and cannot establish the order of self-relevant events into a chronological narrative which enables a frequent encoding and retrieval of autobiographical memories as the representational system largely depends upon linguistic abilities which subsequently develop after 4-5 years (Eysenck and Keane, 2005, p. 149). A number of theories also suggest that social interaction is another significant element to retrieve autobiographical memories and further argue tha t children develop their critical cognitive capacities through social interactions and reminiscing practices. Furthermore, parental cooperation in discussing, evaluating and elaborating the past events also facilitates in providing rich information which consequently develops in the retrieval of autobiographical memories. It has also been studied, that apart from linguistic aid children also necessitate a reason to learn and recall past events which could be strong social bonds and close relationships which greatly helps them in self-recognition process and the more they recognise oneself in their early childhood, the more it becomes easier to reminisce their autobiographical memories (Conway, Pleydell-Pearce Whitecross, 2001, p. 450). Social Cultural Developmental Theories There are three significant arguments encompassing the social and cultural developmental theories pertaining to autobiographical memories including (i) gradual emergence of autobiographical memory across the preschool years; (ii) autobiographical Theories of Autobiographical Memory 11 memory system is highly reliant upon the language which is the vital tool for social interchanges; and (iii) autobiographical memory is characterised by cultural, gender, and individual differences across life that need significant explanation (Bamberg and Moissinac 2003, p. 398). It has been studied that the remembrance of events from a lifespan of a children and adult may considerably vary and it is quite evident that everybody is not capable of remembering more of events with identical detailing and in similar narrative way as expressed by others. This indicates that differences in both the course and time of emergence of the autobiographical memories and their eventual outcomes significantly vary depending upon age, sex, gender, personal experiences, social interactions and cultural differences (Fivush Nelson, 2004, p. 575). The development system begins with the birth followed by toddler memories that are instituted through social interactions with parents, siblings and relativ es, during which nascent conceptions are built in an individuals mind which might be unconsciously penetrated within the memory bank. Studies also suggest that infants are very much aware of their environment and also have an idea of core self which has been essentially related to intentionality. It has been studied that infants as per their core self have determined goals and actions which is fuelled by the infusion of certain skills, emerging concepts and social experiences (Bamberg and Moissinac 2003, p. 398). The later phase after 4-5 years when the children respond to what they hear and start talking by using linguistic aids results in the preservation of a sound memory bank which can be encoded and retrieved later in life depending upon an individuals capability to reminisce the autobiographical memories. The Core Components of Developmental System The key components of the development system facilitating the early development of memory base are characterised by the initiation of memories being stored within the memory Theories of Autobiographical Memory 12 bank of an unborn child. It has been studied that the unborn child are capable of differentiating and discriminating between the incoming information and are also capable to store the information over time. Children have been studied to have implicit memories that have been collected during the first trimester of pregnancy (Eysenck and Keane, 2005, p. 158) however, the remembrance of such memory can be extremely short. On the other hand, it has been studied that the time duration in which a child emits a previously conditioned response can be extended with the use of reminders thus, strengthening their memory base. The role of language is extremely significant in the retrieval and narration of autobiographical memories. It has been studied that language is significant in the retrieval of autobiographical memory in three particular ways including (i) it is involved in providing the organisational and evaluative attribute of autobiographical memory; (ii) it significantly helps in devel oping and maintain social interactions which subsequently results in the organised representation of past experiences especially for children; and (iii) it facilitates in growing the awareness of young children to preserve memory as a representation of past experience which can be evaluated from multiple subjective perspectives (Fivush, 2001, p. 51). Adult memory talk is the third vital component of developmental system in which mothers play an integral role in developing the memory system of their children as they are the initial point of contact to children, enabling them to understand their external environment and educating them to respond. There is a significant distinction between primary consciousness and symbolic consciousness however, it has been studied that the consciousness of the past is greatly responsible in the developmental system as it helps in defining the concept of present, past and future in the autobiographical memory (Edelman and Tononi 2000, p. 99). Finally, the self-recognition or self-in-time is a closely related concept contributing in the developmental system and it has been studied that to relate oneself in the past or in the Theories of Autobiographical Memory 13 present necessitates the clear-cut mapping of two distinct representations (Perner 2000, p. 212). Conclusive Remarks The memories associated with early stages of life can significantly help in gaining an insight oneself thus, providing the opportunities for emotional growth and development. In addition to this, self-recognition and self-knowledge tremendously help in improving the overall personality and temperament of an individual as the autobiographical memories can facilitate in defining personal lacking hence, enabling the individual to transform into a better human being. The study has successfully established the grounds for understanding different types and neural origins of the autobiographical memory and subsequently unfolded varying aspects of theoretical paradigms associated with the subject area indicating that the memory bank can be developed with growing age. Moreover, the study also reveals that social interchanges and cultural influences in early stages of life have significant impacts on the memory development system. To conclude, it can be instituted that cognitive psychology is a vast subject having wide-range of theories related to autobiographical memory; and this study within its limited scope attempted to address numerous speculative areas of the concerned theme. Theories of Autobiographical Memory 14